(Boulder clay at top of cliff) - 2002

Starting at the top of the cliff, a layer of boulder clay thickens southwards. This layer tends to contain more chalk erratic's to the North and more Jurassic erratic's to the South. The boulder clay was formed during glaciating, in which the glacial's scrapped the land and brought many rocks from the north. The boulder clay at Pakefield contains many Kimmeridge Clay rocks, some Oolite rocks and chalk.

(Glacial Sands, cold colours from the Ice age) - 2002

Below this, glacial sands and till make up roughly half of the formations at Pakefield. These beds are unfossilferious, and made up of very fine sands. These beds are very cold and from the ice age. Directly below the sands, Lowestoft till is present and is also unfossilerferous

Under the glacial sands and till, the forest bed begins similar from that of Cromer. Glaciation has cut through this bed, at the Middle-North end of Pakefield, the Laminated silty organic muds lays directly under the sands and till. However at the Middle-South end, this bed is missing and instead, the Rootlet Bed is directly below. The Laminated Silty Clays make up roughly 0.8m of the forest bed. The thin Unio bed contains small vertebrates.

(Forest bed - Rootlet Bed) - 2002

In the photo above, the beds are the Rootlet Bed, this makes up 3.5m of the forest bed. The top part of this bed being a reddish colour, the middle being blue. Large mammals and small vertebrates can be found in the blue or gray layer but are less common than those of other fossilferious areas of the Forest Bed. The Rootlet Bed is composed of Organic Silt. Bones from this bed are less well preserved and are a deep brown or light gray colour.

(Red-brown Sand and Gravel, Ferruginous Bed) - 2000

Below the Rootlet Bed the Ferruginous Bed is a red-brown sand and gravel bed and has been measured to 2m but could is much thicker. Previously this has been the last bed documented. The South end of Pakefield has never been washed out before or scoured, until recently in 2002. For this reason the remainder of the forest bed is not known nor the research carried out. This bed is packed with large mammals and is highly fossilferious. The bones are very well preserved and are a reddish colour. Bones have been recorded from the top of this bed and recently (2002) from the lower part.

The Red-Brown sand and gravel, ferruginous bed continues to the South end of Pakefield. Below this is a series of layers alternating blue and red similar to the Rootlet Bed followed by a gray layer full of fossil wood. This layer is by far more compacted with wood compared to that of the Laminated silty organic muds layer. This bed so far has been recorded to be approximately half a metre thick, and at darkens with depth. The lowest part of this bed is a very dark gray.

Below this layer is yet another area which has not been identified, a second bed similar to the Red-Brown sand and Gravel had yielded two mammal bones, recently an antler and deer jaw. The Kessingland end used to be washed out years ago, but recently the beach has been moving Southwards allowing more of the Kessingland stretch to be washed out.

Quaternary	Holocene				0.00 to 0.01
	Pleistocene	Late	Devensian		0.01 to 0.12
			Ipswichian		0.12 to 0.13
		Middle	Wolstonian		0.13 to 0.20
			Hoxnian		0.20 to 0.25
			Anglian		0.25 to 0.30
			Cromerian		0.30 to 0.40
		Early	Beestonian		0.40 to 0.60
			Pastonian		0.60 to 0.80
			Pre-Pastonian		0.80 to 1.30
			Bramertonian		1.30 to 1.55

Pleistocene 0.01 - 1.8 MYA
FORMATIONS AND DEPOSITS		LOCATIONS
L A T E	Portland Rasied Beach
	Selsey Beds
	March Gravels
	Clyde Beds
	Taplow
	Upper Flood Plain Thames Terraces
	Eemian
	Wurmian
	Lower Flood Plain Themes Terrace
M I D D L E	Wexford Gravels
	Isle of Man Depostis
	Hoxnian
	Boyn Hill Thames Terrace
	Rissian
E A R L Y	Corton Beds	Corton
	Bridlington Crag
	Yoldia Beds
	Westleton Beds	Wangford Quarry
	Chillesford Beds
	Cromerian	Pakefield West Runton Overstrand Corton
	Mindelian
	Gunzian
	Pre-Gunzian
	Wroxham Crag Formation	Weybourne West Runton Overstrand

1:250 000 Geological Map of Pakefield Geological Maps are sold either Flat or Folded for Solid, or Seabed geology. Special editions may be available for certain locations. For a complete list click the link below. Click here to BUY ONLINE from our Store

1: 50 000 Geological Map of Pakefield Geological Maps are sold either Flat or Folded for Solid, Drift or combined geology. Special editions may be available for certain locations. For a complete list of 1: 50 000 maps, click the link below. Click here to BUY ONLINE from our Store